The 19th: Over the course of their careers, male physicians earn about $2 million more than female physicians, according to a new research paper published in the journal Health Affairs this week. The analysis relies on physician-reported salary data from between 2014 and 2019, looking at self-reported compensation for more than 80,000 doctors. Researchers adjusted the data to account for other factors that could result in salary differences, such as choice of medical specialty, years of experience, hours worked, location, practice type and number of patients seen. The pay gap emerged in every medical specialty, even after controlling for factors like experience and hours worked. In primary care, for instance, men earned about $900,000 more over their careers than did women who worked the exact same job. In surgical specialties, men earned about $2.5 million more.